Publications by Year

2011

Worlds Apart: Bosnian Lessons for Global Security
Publications Date: This book will be released to the public September 26, 2011. The book may be pre-ordered on Amazon.

Abstract: Worlds Apart tells of a well-meaning foreign policy establishment often deaf to the voices of everyday people. Its focus is the Bosnian War, but its implications extend to any situation that prompts the consideration of military intervention on humanitarian grounds. Inclusive Security Chair Ambassador Swanee Hunt served in Vienna during the Bosnian War and was intimately involved in American policy toward the Balkans. During her tenure as ambassador and after, she made scores of trips throughout Bosnia, and the rest of the former Yugoslavia, attempting to understand the costly delays in foreign military intervention. To that end, she had hundreds of conversations with a wide range of politicians, refugees, journalists, farmers, clergy, aid workers, diplomats, soldiers, and others. In Worlds Apart, Hunt’s eighty vignettes alternate between those living out the war and “the internationals” deciding whether or how to intervene. From these stories, most of which she herself witnessed, she draws lessons applicable to conflicts throughout the world. These lessons cannot be learned from afar, Hunt says, with insiders and outsiders working apart. Only by bridging those worlds can we build a stronger paradigm of inclusive international security. (304 pages, published by Duke University Press)

Summary of  UN Security Council Resolutions on Women, Peace, and Security (June 2011 Update)
Publication Date: June 2011
Abstract: Despite five separate UNSCRs on women, peace, and security, and the dedicated efforts of international agencies, civil society actors, and governments, courageous women peace builders still face legal, cultural and traditional discrimination. This guide is designed to help advocates efficiently leverage UNSCRs 1325, 1889, 1820, 1888, and 1960. (2 pages)

Leveraging Women’s Community Leadership: A Model for Outreach in Urban Refugee Populations
Publication Date: April 2011
Author: Roxane Wilber
Abstract: Assisting urban refugees presents unique challenges. As the proportion of refugees in urban areas continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to identify successful models for reaching out across cities. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees’ office in Syria has developed an innovative approach to extending its reach across Damascus. This publication explains how UNHCR engages women leaders within refugee communities to improve service delivery. (6 pages)

Strengthening Colombia's Transitional Justice Process by Engaging Women
Publication Date: March 2011
Authors: Carla Koppell and Jonathan Talbot
Abstract: The Colombian National Commission for Reparation and Reconciliation (CNRR) is a transitional justice mechanism effectively structured for involving women and addressing their priorities and needs. Mainstreaming gender has involved advocating for particular women to serve as commissioners, support for the creation of a gender unit within the commission, close collaboration with women’s civil society organizations, capacity building for prosecutors and magistrates, and technical assistance to commissioners and staff. This document gives an overview of the CNRR's efforts to mainstream gender and provides guidance on how to adapt and replicate this impressive, comprehensive approach. (8 pages)

Across Conflict Lines: Women Mediating for Peace
Publication Date: March 2011
Author: Theresa de Langis
Abstract: Women remain largely absent from high-level international peace negotiations around the globe, particularly as mediators and facilitators of formal processes. This document summarizes findings from The Institute for Inclusive Security’s 12th Annual Colloquium, which brought together 21 female mediation experts from Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. It outlines the unique contributions women make to mediation and includes the experts’ specific recommendations for increasing the prevalence of female mediators, enhancing communication and cooperation with women and civil society during negotiations, and augmenting attention to women’s priorities and needs in peace talks. Women's collective expertise provides important insights into the need for improved mediation to create durable peace. (8 pages)


2010

Joint Protection Teams: A Model for Enhancing Civilian Security
Publication Date: November 2010
Author: Tobie Whitman
Abstract: Joint Protection Teams (JPTs) are a promising model for advancing protection efforts by peacekeepers currently being used by the UN in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. By promoting contact between peacekeepers and the local community, bringing civilian expertise to inaccessible areas, and increasing the number of women involved in protection efforts, JPTs are an encouraging tool. However, by refining and enhancing the JPT approach more can be done to promote   engagement with local women to combat sexual violence and to enhance peacebuilding. This policy brief highlights the keys to success for promoting women’s engagement in peacekeeping using JPTs in the DRC and other conflict-affected regions globally. (7 pages)

Guide to UN Security Council Resolutions on Women, Peace, and Security
Publication Date: September 2010
UN Security Council Resolutions (UNSCRs) are international law; as such, UN member states are required to follow them. At the same time, resolutions provide advocacy tools to civil society organizations. Four resolutions currently address women, peace, and security. UNSCRs 1325 and 1889 underscore women’s leadership in peacebuilding and conflict prevention. UNSCRs 1820 and 1888 focus on preventing and responding to conflict-related sexual violence. (4 pages)

Guide to UN Security Council Resolution 1889
Publication Date: September 2010
Presented by Vietnam, this resolution was unanimously approved on October 5, 2009, and follows up on and amplifies UNSCR 1325, the original resolution that focused on women, peace, and security. UNSCR 1889 emphasizes the participation of women in all phases of the peace process. Most important, it calls for monitoring and introduces accountability mechanisms UNSCR 1325 lacks. The resolution strongly encourages cooperation with civil society, particularly women’s organizations. (2 pages)




Gender Symposia During Donor Conferences: A Model to Guarantee Women Leaders A Voice in Setting Priorities for Reconstruction (July 2010 Update)
Publication Date: July 2010
Authors: Carla Koppell with Jacqueline O'Neill
Abstract: Despite women’s central importance to reconstruction, they are regularly marginalized by the donor assistance pledging process. A gender symposium held in conjunction with an international donor conference can help provide women and civil society with a voice in reconstruction. In conjunction with recent donor conferences for Afghanistan, Liberia and Sudan, Inclusive Security organized gender symposia that focused attention on female leaders and on women’s needs and priorities in reconstruction. This policy brief assesses those symposia and offers recommendations for replicating their success. (8 pages)


Improving Liberia’s Transitional Justice Process by Engaging Women
Publication Date: April 2010
Author: Michelle Page with input from Cerue Garlo and Marpue Speare
Abstract: When women contribute, transitional justice efforts are more likely to address crimes of war. Women have knowledge of the distinct, complex violations of rights women suffer that can significantly inform truth commission mandates, judicial opinions, reparations schemes, and proposals for policy reform. In Liberia, following the 2003 resolution of two decades of violent conflict, the Women NGO’s Secretariat of Liberia (WONGOSOL) facilitated a series of regional women-only dialogues around the country to ensure that the voices, concerns, and priorities of local women were recognized and addressed in the transitional justice process. (4 pages)


Quick Reference Guide to UN Security Council Resolutions
Publication Date: March 2010
Abstract: Despite four separate UNSCRs on women, peace, and security, and the dedicated efforts of international agencies, civil society actors, and governments, courageous women peace builders still face legal, cultural and traditional discrimination. This guide is designed to help advocates efficiently leverage UNSCRs 1325 and 1889 (on women's leadership in peace processes); and 1820 and 1888 (on response to conflict-related sexual violence). This document has been replaced by the June 2011 update. (2 pages)

2009

Sustaining Women's Gains: The Influence of Indigenous Culture and Post-Genocide Politics
Publication Date: December 2009
Authors: Peace Uwineza and Elizabeth Pearson
Abstract: The success of women parliamentarians in Rwanda has prompted questions about how women achieved such unprecedented levels of political representation. The paper begins with a discussion of various Rwandan cultural practices that either support or undercut gender equality, then analyzes how actors in contemporary Rwandan politics reference indigenous practices in relation to women’s empowerment. This paper contends that modern references to gender-sensitive practices in Rwanda’s pre-colonial era aim to generate support for women’s political participation by emphasizing its continuity with traditional culture and, in doing so, defuse opposition. The Rwandan case suggests a strategy available to women and men seeking to promote gender equality in political representation elsewhere. (25 pages plus appendices and endnotes)


Gender Symposia During Donor Conferences: A Model to Guarantee Women Leaders A Voice in Setting Priorities for Reconstruction
Publication Date: November 2009
Authors: Carla Koppell with Jacqueline O'Neill
Abstract: Despite women’s central importance to reconstruction, they are regularly marginalized by the donor assistance pledging process. A gender symposium held in conjunction with an international donor conference can help provide women and civil society with a voice in reconstruction. In conjunction with recent donor conferences for Liberia and Sudan, Inclusive Security organized gender symposia that focused attention on female leaders and on women’s needs and priorities in reconstruction. This policy brief assesses those symposia and offers recommendations for replicating their success. (6 pages)


Strategies for Policymakers: Bringing Women into Peace Negotiations
Publication Date: October 2009
Authors: Michelle Page, Tobie Whitman, & Cecilia Anderson
Abstract: As leaders in civil society, particularly during and following violent conflict, women play critical roles in peace negotiations. In formal negotiations, they raise often-ignored political and social issues, ensure that the voices of victims and civilians are consistently heard, and build bridges among negotiating parties. This publication presents concrete strategies for the international community to successfully bring women into peace negotiations, building on case studies of Darfur, Sudan; Guatemala; Northern Ireland; and Sri Lanka. (19 pages plus endnotes)

Supporting Women in Negotiations: A Model for Elevating their Voices and Reflecting their Agenda in Peace Deals
Publication Date: October 2009
Authors: Carla Koppell
Abstract: Women are alarmingly underrepresented in negotiations. In 2009, the UN Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) found in a review of 21 major peace processes held since 1992 that women were less than 8 percent of the delegates to talks and less than 3 percent of agreement signatories. This publication documents two of Inclusive Security’s consultative efforts (supporting women negotiators working to bring about peace in Uganda and in Darfur) to increase the presence and influence of women in peace talks. (4 pages)

The “Inspiration Day” Model: Fostering Women's Leadership by Connecting National Leaders with Grassroots Candidates
Publication Date: June 2009
Abstract: Research suggests that connecting experienced national women leaders with potential female candidates at the grassroots successfully encourages women to run for office. This publication documents Inclusive Security’s efforts in Liberia and Rwanda to enable established female elected officials to nurture the next generation of leaders by sharing their experiences, priorities, and strategies with local women. (4 pages)
 

Strategies for Policymakers: Bringing Women Into Government
Publication Date: March 2009
Authors: Tobie Whitman and Jessica Gomez
Abstract: Women bring important skills, attributes, and perspectives to the governance process. Few times offer policymakers as good an opportunity to increase the number of women participating in government as those windows immediately after conflicts. This publication presents concrete strategies for the international community to successfully bring women into government, building on case studies of Afghanistan, Cambodia, and Rwanda.  (14 pages plus endnotes)

 

Inclusive Security: A Curriculum for Women Waging Peace (available for purchase)
Publication Date: January 2009
Authors: Miki Jacevic, Tobie Whitman, Allison Shean
Abstract: This unique tool draws on more than a decade of original research and training by Inclusive Security and accomplished women peace builders from areas including Afghanistan, Bosnia, Colombia, Haiti, Iraq, Israel & Palestine, Northern Ireland, Rwanda, and Sudan. Eight modules contain training plans, activity guides, PowerPoint presentations with lecture notes, videos, and role-playing exercises that simulate real-world peace processes. It is designed for experienced trainers and is structured to foster strong coalitions, to enhance problem-solving abilities, to bolster confidence, and, most significantly, to result in a concrete agenda for advancing women’s participation in peace and security. (106 pages plus lecture notes, role-play cards, multimedia on DVD)

2008

Advancing Women’s Caucuses in Legislatures
Publication Date: 2008
Authors: Jessica Gomez and Carla Koppell
Abstract: Caucuses are important for bringing together legislators outside the confines of political parties. Women’s caucuses are particularly useful for strengthening the voice of an under-heard constituency, increasing the confidence of female legislators (who often have less experience than their male counterparts), and providing a vehicle for mentoring new policymakers. Part of a series that builds on a three-year field program on the role of women in Rwanda, this policy brief provides policymakers, donors, and program planners with strategies for the consolidation of democracy in post-conflict societies. (2 pages) (available in French)

Combating Gender-Based Violence
Publication Date: 2008
Authors: Jessica Gomez
Abstract: Widespread gender-based violence is common during and after armed conflict. Often, this pattern corresponds to a deficiency in the institutional mechanisms and rule of law meant to prevent and punish such crimes. Because women legislators frequently spearhead efforts to address gender-based violence, increasing their roles in government can be instrumental to combating the problem. Part of a series that builds on a three-year field program on the role of women in Rwanda, this policy brief provides policymakers, donors, and program planners with strategies for the consolidation of democracy in post-conflict societies. (2 pages) (available in French)

Defending Children's Rights: The Legislative Priorities of Rwandan Women Parliamentarians
Publication Date: April 2008
Authors: Elizabeth Powley
Abstract: Inclusion of women in national legislatures has had positive policy outcomes for children and families. Global analyses, and the Rwanda case in particular, indicate that female legislators are more likely to prioritize issues such as family health and welfare, and the defense of children’s rights. This publication draws on extensive interviews with parliamentarians and others, as well as content analysis of local newspapers and participant observation research by the author, who directed a three-year women’s leadership project in the country. The publication both describes the role and progress of women in Rwanda’s transitional parliament, constitution drafting process, and 2003 parliamentary elections; and outlines the steps female parliamentarians have taken to address the needs and rights of children through three pieces of legislation. (24 pages plus endnotes)

Designing Programs to Increase Women’s Participation in Local Government
Publication Date: 2008
Author: Jessica Gomez
Abstract: Devolving authority from central to local government offers a critical opportunity to ensure wider representation and improve post-conflict democracy. When elected, female officials in particular can enhance the legitimacy of local government, improve service delivery, and facilitate communication with the local population. Yet too often women are not given the information, training, and support necessary to run successfully for office. Part of a series that builds on a three-year field program on the role of women in Rwanda, this policy brief provides policymakers, donors, and program planners with strategies for the consolidation of democracy in post-conflict societies. (2 pages) (available in French)

Engendering Rwanda's Decentralization: Supporting Women Candidates for Local Office
Publication Date: April 2008
Author: Elizabeth Powley
Abstract: In May 2003 Rwanda ratified a constitution that established a 30 percent quota for women’s participation in all “decision-making organs.” Quotas like this are of critical importance for increasing women’s representation in local government. The interpretation of those quotas, however, is equally important. This publication presents a review of the literature on women and local government, outlines the ongoing decentralization process in Rwanda, and shows how Inclusive Security’s training program helped prepare women to overcome obstacles to their participation that remain despite the quota. (22 pages plus endnotes)
 

Fostering Citizen Participation in the Development of Legislation
Publication Date: 2008
Authors: Jessica Gomez and Carla Koppell
Abstract: Participatory processes are critical to improving governance in post-conflict countries. Involving the public in creating legislation increases a government’s legitimacy and the likelihood that nascent democracies remain stable and continue to develop. Yet post-conflict societies, especially those unaccustomed to democracy, require extra support to open legislative and other policymaking processes. Part of a series that builds on a three-year field program on the role of women in Rwanda, this policy brief provides policymakers, donors, and program planners with strategies for the consolidation of democracy in post-conflict societies. (2 pages) (available in French)

Increasing Women’s Participation in Local Government
Publication Date: 2008
Author: Jessica Gomez
Abstract: Devolving authority from central to local authorities can enhance government’s legitimacy and increase its accountability to citizens. Moreover, the process of decentralization can facilitate the democratic participation of groups that are frequently marginalized within formal governing structures. Women are one such group, and their policy priorities often include the issues that affect their families’ daily lives: healthcare, education, and infrastructure. Increasing the number of women in local leadership therefore can enhance the provision of basic services and improve citizens’ perception of government. Part of a series that builds on a three-year field program on the role of women in Rwanda, this policy brief provides policymakers, donors, and program planners with strategies for the consolidation of democracy in post-conflict societies. (2 pages) (available in French)


Promoting Children’s Welfare: Legislative Strategies
Publication Date: 2008
Author: Jessica Gomez
Abstract: Children are often the segment of the population most affected by poverty, food insecurity, and the lack of health and social services that characterize post-conflict countries. Women’s leadership, however, can improve children’s lives. When women achieve a critical mass in legislatures and local government, they prioritize investment in children’s welfare. Part of a series that builds on a three-year field program on the role of women in Rwanda, this policy brief provides policymakers, donors, and program planners with strategies for the consolidation of democracy in post-conflict societies. (2 pages) (available in French)

Promoting Male/Female Collaboration in Legislatures
Publication Date: 2008
Authors: Jessica Gomez and Carla Koppell
Abstract: Women are capturing an increasing share of seats in post-conflict legislatures around the world. Evidence indicates that they are vital to ensuring that countries make necessary social investments in children’s and women’s rights, health care, and education; however, these lawmakers are more likely to succeed when they collaborate with male counterparts and when issues are framed as concerns to both sexes. Thus, the international community can help consolidate democracies by fostering alliances among male and female legislators. Part of a series that builds on a three-year field program on the role of women in Rwanda, this policy brief provides policymakers, donors, and program planners with strategies for the consolidation of democracy in post-conflict societies. (2 pages) (available in French)

Strengthening Post-Conflict Legislatures
Publication Date: 2008
Authors: Jessica Gomez and Carla Koppell
Abstract: Productive, strong legislatures are central to healthy democracies in post-conflict countries, fostering political pluralism and acting as a check on the executive branch. Yet too often, following a conflict, parliaments are weakened by internal divisiveness, the limited experience and skill of members, staffing shortages, and an overwhelming legislative agenda. Increasing women’s representation in government can strengthen legislatures. Part of a series that builds on a three-year field program on the role of women in Rwanda, this policy brief provides policymakers, donors, and program planners with strategies for the consolidation of democracy in post-conflict societies. (2 pages) (available in French)

Demonstrating Legislative Leadership: The Introduction of Rwanda's Gender-Based Violence Bill
Publication Date: April 2008
Author: Elizabeth Pearson
Abstract: In August 2006, members of Rwanda’s Chamber of Deputies debated the landmark “Draft Law on Prevention, Protection and Punishment of Any Gender Based Violence.” Importantly, the bill—developed by Rwanda’s Forum of Rwandan Women Parliamentarians (FFRP) over a two-year process of public involvement—was the first substantive piece of legislation developed by the legislature since its election in 2003. This publication presents a detailed account of the development of this GBV law and examines the consultative approach of the FFRP, which suggests the emergence of a new model of governance in Rwanda. (36 pages plus endnotes)
 

2007

Inclusive Security, Sustainable Peace: A Toolkit for Advocacy and Action
Publication Date: November 2004, updated December 2007
Authors: Sanam Naraghi Anderlini, Nicola Johnston, Judy El-Bushra, Camille Pampell Conaway, Lisa Kays, Jolynn Shoemaker, Elizabeth Powley, Kelly Fish, Ancil Adrian-Paul, Gillian Lobo, Guillermo Suarez Sebastian, Mebrak Tareke
Abstract: The Toolkit is a resource for women peace builders and practitioners to effectively promote peace and security. Inclusive Security and International Alert collaborated to produce the Toolkit, published in November 2004, which outlines the components of peace building from conflict prevention to post-conflict reconstruction, highlights the role that women play in each phase, and is directed to women peace builders and the policy community. The toolkit was updated in December 2007. (327 pages including endnotes and appendices) (selected portions available in Arabic, French, Pashto, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish)

2006

Women’s Rights and Democracy: Peaceful Transformation in Iran
Publication Date: May 2006
Abstract: Women in Iran are the driving force behind the country’s reform, as they establish a basis for transformation to democracy in spite of repression and discrimination. Women in government promote women’s rights by allocating funds for women’s empowerment, by working with civil society groups, and by organizing workshops and educational programs to spread awareness of these issues. Iranian women also turn to NGOs who help advance their common cause. Although many newspapers and magazines promoting women’s rights have been shut down, journalists and activists are defying this government censorship, turning to the Internet to disseminate reformist ideas. This publication documents the role of women in gradual, nonviolent societal transformation in Iran. (19 pages plus endnotes)

2005

Addressing the Crisis in Darfur
Publication Date: 2005
Author: Evelyn Thornton
Abstract: A comprehensive, inclusive, and coordinated approach to the multiple conflicts in Sudan is essential. It is urgent that the relevant parties address the needs of women, support women’s peacebuilding efforts, and include women in decision-making regarding conflict resolution and reconstruction in Darfur. This publication gives specific recommendations for supporting inclusive peace negotiations in Darfur, involving women in refugee and IDP camp planning and all return and resettlement efforts, creating gender-sensitive accountability and reconciliation mechanisms, establishing security, and keeping the peace. (6 pages)
 

Conflict Prevention and Transformation: Women's Vital Contributions
Publication Date: February 2005
Editors: Jolynn Shoemaker and Camille Pampell Conaway
Abstract: Inclusive Security and the United Nations Foundation hosted a consultation on the role of women in conflict prevention on February 23, 2005. The presentations and discussion highlighted examples and strategies regarding women’s conflict prevention activities and generated policy recommendations for the international community. This conference report makes a compelling case for the inclusion of women and gender perspectives in peace processes and offers practical recommendations, guidelines, and models to assist and encourage policymakers to include women and gender perspectives in their program designs. (39 pages plus endnotes and appendices)

From Rhetoric to Reality: Afghan Women on the Agenda for Peace
Publication Date: February 2005
Author: Masuda Sultan
Abstract: The Emergency Loya Jirga in Afghanistan in June 2002 began an advance in women’s rights. The new constitution adopted in December 2003 affirmed that women are equal to men; it also allocates 25 percent of seats in the lower house of parliament to women. The creation of the Ministry of Women’s Affairs (MOWA) marked a symbolic turning point for Afghan women, but the organization has yet to fulfill its promise. This publication provides an overview of women’s initiatives and activities in Afghanistan and examines the effectiveness of the international community’s decision to emphasize women’s rights and participation in advancing the status and role of women in Afghanistan. It makes the case that because women can foster stability and be a force for moderation, women’s capacity must be further strengthened and their rights must not be bargained away. (35 pages plus endnotes)

Implementing Peace in Sudan
Publication Date: 2005
Author: Jolynn Shoemaker
Abstract: With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005, the international community began preparing for the next phase of the peace process between the North and the South—the implementation of the peace agreement and reconstruction of the country.  This report offers recommendations on how to include women in institutionalizing the rule of law, transparency, and accountability; creating a representative and democratic government; promoting social and economic development; establishing security; and providing humanitarian assistance. (6 pages)
 

Naga Women Making a Difference: Peace Building in Northeastern India
Publication Date: January 2005
Author: Rita Manchanda
Abstract: The end of fighting between the National Socialist Council of Nagalim (NSCN) and the Indian government exposed divisions within the NSCN and among Naga factions. Although it seemed that the ceasefire could not be sustained, Naga women began taking advantage of their position as respected mothers, stepping in to stop inter-factional violence. The Naga Mothers’ Association (NMA) has even established a Peace Team that has held advocacy meetings with Indian government officials and military officers. This publication chronicles the innovative approaches of Naga women who mediate among armed actors and mobilize for peace and reconciliation across conflict divides. This report documents the activities of Naga women to sustain the ceasefire, strengthen the formal peace process, and encourage the pursuit of long-term stability in northeastern India. (27 pages plus endnotes) (executive summary available)


Women's Contributions to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Publication Date: February 2005
Author: Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela
Abstract: In 1994, in order to address apartheid-era human rights abuses, the country created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). Two important goals of the TRC were to grant amnesty to perpetrators of human rights abuses who disclosed the atrocities they committed and to break the country’s cycle of violence. Women played vital roles in the TRC. They were nurturing and compassionate commissioners and staff, and they were emotional witnesses who addressed the suffering of others in their testimonies. This publication documents and analyzes the ways in which women shaped South Africa's post-apartheid transitional justice process. (25 pages plus endnotes)

Moving Beyond Silence: Women Waging Peace
Publication Date: 2005
Author: Swanee Hunt
Around the globe, women play a vital but often unrecognized role in averting violence and resolving conflict. With expertise in grassroots activism, political leadership, investigative journalism, human rights law, military reform, formal and information negotiations, transitional justice, and post-conflict reconstruction, these women bring new approaches to the security sphere process. Sustainable peace, and therefore international security, depends on such innovations. But scholarship regarding the work of women peace builders is scarce and women’s work in the field of security is largely unrecognized at the institutional and public policy levels. This chapter of Listening to the Silences: Women and War lays out the case for women’s inclusion in peace building, examples of women’s peace efforts around the world, as well as challenges and successes in connecting such women to policymakers to create a new model of ‘inclusive security.’ (21 pages)
 

2004

Adding Value: Women's Contributions to Reintegration and Reconstruction in El Salvador
Publication Date: January 2004
Authors: Camille Pampell Conaway and Salome Martinez
Abstract: Nearly 4,500 women, recognized as members of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN), participated in El Salvador’s demobilization, disarmament, and reintegration (DDR) program following the 1992 ceasefire. Women contributed in a variety of ways to the program’s success. For example, women leaders from the FMLN ensured that women received the land they were granted by the nation’s land transfer program, the Programa de Transferencia de Tierra (PTT). The El Salvadoran DDR process demonstrates that women are a vital component of success for any society’s reintegration efforts. This report revisits the Salvadoran DDR program from the perspective of women and assesses how a gender perspective can improve such programs worldwide. (26 pages plus endnotes)

From Combat to Community: Women and Girls of Sierra Leone
Publication Date: January 2004
Authors: Dyan Mazurana and Khristopher Carlson
Abstract: Women and girls fought on both sides of Sierra Leone’s civil war. Although large numbers of women said they were gang-pressed into performing support functions for armed groups, many also fought or received weapons training. Sierra Leone’s national disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) program frequently excluded women and girls. Many female ex-combatants, however, returned to violence in order to survive. Women have also often led the reintegration process, accepting ex-combatants back into society and spearheading the rehabilitation process for these former fighters. Drawing on qualitative field-based research and quantitative survey data, this publication assesses how consideration of gender issues can improve DDR processes and documents the contributions of women in official and civil society-based reintegration programs. (27 pages plus endnotes) (executive summary available)

Good Governance from the Ground Up: Women's Roles in Post-Conflict Cambodia
Publication Date: March 2004
Authors: Laura McGrew, Kate Frieson, Sambath Chan
Abstract: Women are spearheading Cambodia’s transformation to democracy. During the years when the UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia watched over the nation’s progress, women jumped at the chance to aid in reconstruction. They aimed to make the process of drafting a new constitution more inclusive, and they rallied to help ensure peaceful elections following violent campaign periods. Today, women compose the majority of Cambodians with experience in conflict management and peace building. This publication traces women’s contributions to governance and peace through local and national politics as well as civil society; examines the significance of gender perspectives to the promotion of good governance; and reflects on mechanisms enhancing women’s participation in the political arena. (30 pages plus endnotes) (executive summary available)

In the Midst of War: Women's Contributions to Peace in Colombia
Publication Date: April 2004
Author: Catalina Rojas
Abstract: Women have been victims and actors in Colombia’s cycles of violence and peace. In talks organized by President Andrés Pastrana in 1999, women represented both the government and FARC, the major guerrilla group. In 2000, 600 women participated in a women’s public forum that pressed FARC and government leaders to consider women’s concerns. In 2002, women’s groups continued to work towards peace after talks fell apart, reaching a consensus on the issues affecting Colombian women. In spite of the dangers women face as a result of being recognized as political leaders, they remain at the forefront of local efforts for peace. This publication assesses the importance of a gender perspective in peace negotiations and documents the critical work of women at the local, regional, and national levels to mitigate the effects of continued violence on their communities, mobilize for renewed dialogues, and prepare for the next cycle of peace in Colombia. (32 pages plus endnotes and appendices) (executive summary available)

Negotiating the Transition to Democracy and Reforming the Security Sector: The Vital Contributions of South African Women
Publication Date: August 2004
Author: Sanam Naraghi Anderlini
Abstract: As South Africa abandoned its policy of apartheid, the newly democratic state redefined security to encompass issues outside of the military, such as underdevelopment, poverty, and human rights abuse. Women from all walks of life – anti-apartheid activists, African National Congress members and Umkhonto we Sizwe fighters, and women at the grassroots level – contributed to advancing a holistic, comprehensive, and democratized “human security” framework. Other notable achievements include providing gender-based training to all defense ministry personnel, appointing women to senior positions in the Ministry of Defence, and holding an annual gathering called “Women at the Peace Table.” This publication documents and analyzes the ways in which women shaped South Africa’s post-apartheid transitional justice process. (34 pages plus endnotes and appendices) (executive summary available)


Preparing for Peace: The Critical Role of Women in Colombia
Publication Date: May 2004
Author: Susanne Martikke. Cosponsored with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Abstract: From May 19-24, 2004, The Initiative for Inclusive Security hosted 16 Colombian women peace builders in Washington, DC. In collaboration with other experts, these Colombian leaders developed recommendations for concrete ways policymakers can include women in their attempts to bring stability and security to the country. The conference aimed to elevate the voices of women in Colombia and to urge the US government, international multilateral organizations, think tanks, and non-governmental organizations to promote the inclusion of Colombia’s women in all peace-building efforts. This report summarizes the recommendations that emerged from various working groups at the conference and the outcomes of the advocacy meetings attended by the delegation. (30 pages)
 

Women's Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY): Transitional Justice for Bosnia and Herzegovina
Publication Date: July 2004
Author: Julie Mertus
Abstract: Bosnian civil society groups have taken the lead in addressing needs not met by their state during its postwar reconstruction period. Women’s groups have spurred the creation of a war crimes court, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and have filled gaps in the court’s reconciliation processes. They pressed the court to consider gender-based crimes as violations of international law. Bosnian women’s groups connected women witnesses with the trials, serving as links between The Hague and fellow Bosnians. Women in Bosnia have furthered efforts to incorporate gender issues into future investigations, and have set important precedents in international law. This publication highlights the significant contributions women have made to the ICTY despite the overall challenges and limitations it faces. It also demonstrates that the inclusion of women and gender expertise at the ICTY was vital not only for the prosecution of crimes committed against women, but also for the broader pursuit of justice and the advancement of international law. (26 pages plus endnotes)

2003

Building a New Iraq: Women's Role in Reconstruction
Publication Date: November 2003
Author: Annemarie Brennan. Cosponsored with the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Abstract: The Wilson Center and Inclusive Security, along with the World Bank and the American Bar Association, hosted 20 women in Washington DC for the conference “Building a New Iraq: Women’s Role in Reconstruction.” The results of their visit, summarized in this report, include a series of findings and conclusions to ensure that women play a substantive role in Iraq’s reconstruction, including in the drafting of the constitution, progress towards sovereignty, and preparation for elections. (5 pages)

Strengthening Governance: The Role of Women in Rwanda's Transition
Publication Date: October 2003
Author: Elizabeth Powley
Abstract: Nine years after the end of the 1994 genocide, Rwanda still faces challenges such as poverty, illiteracy, and HIV/AIDS. However, the country has made strides toward establishing a democratic society. Having made several important contributions to their country’s political system, women are at the forefront of post-genocide Rwandan public life. They are present in government at record levels; they compose 49 percent of parliament’s lower house. Women’s accomplishments include initiating reconciliation efforts, participating in drafting a new constitution, exercising influence in decentralization policies, and forming a cross-party caucus in parliament to continue to work on security issues. This publication is one of three field-based case studies that examine women’s contributions to post-conflict governance. (31 pages plus endnotes)


Winning the Peace Conference Report: Women's Role in Post-Conflict Iraq
Publication Date: April 2003
Author: Annemarie Brennan
Abstract: The crucial role women can—and should—play in Iraqi reconstruction was the focus of a forum on April 21 and 22, 2003 in Washington, DC. Discussion focused on the inclusion of women in four vital sectors of Iraqi administration: democracy and governance, economic activity, constitutional law and legislation, and civil society. The report presents key findings and conclusions on women’s participation in these areas. (28 pages with footnotes)


2002

More than Victims: The Role of Women in Conflict Prevention (Conference Report)
Publication Date: September 2002
Author: Camille Pampell
Abstract: On September 12, 2002, the Wilson Center and Inclusive Security co-sponsored a conference, “More Than Victims: The Role of Women in Conflict Prevention.”  The aim of the meeting was to move beyond the stereotypical images of women as victims in conflict and to explore their complex experiences as fighters, peace builders, survivors, and protectors. While highlighting many of the challenges that remain, this publication provides concrete examples of how the international community can support women’s efforts and peace-building processes. (64 pages)

2001

Women Waging Peace: Inclusive Security (Foreign Policy)
Publication Date: May/June 2001
Authors: Swanee Hunt and Cristina Posa
This article lays out an early vision of ‘inclusive security’ and points to the activities of women in conflict regions including Bosnia, Chechnya, Chile, India, Indonesia, Japan, Northern Ireland, Pakistan, and Sudan, as they worked through various mechanisms to promote peace. (10 pages)

1997

Women's Vital Voices: The Costs of Exclusion in Eastern Europe (Foreign Affairs)
Publication Date: July/August 1997
Author: Swanee Hunt
This publication argues that the dramatically low status of women in post-communist Europe is an issue that goes beyond the well-being of women per se to the fostering of economic development and democracy. American interests, it contends, require that the United States help the region’s women carve out their rightful place in the mainstream of society. (7 pages)